The Chrom-Ed Chromatography Series

An online chromatography book edited by Dr. R. P. W. Scott.

Content:

Principles and Practice of Chromatography
Introduction
The Development Process
Chromatography Nomenclature
Factors Controlling Retention
Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Distribution Coefficient (K)
Molecular Forces and Chromatographic Selectivity
The Control of Chromatographically Available Stationary Phase (Vs)
Peak Dispersion in a Chromatographic Column
The Basic Column Chromatograph
Thin Layer Chromatography
Chromatography Applications
References



Gas Chromatography
Introduction
The Modern Gas Chromatograph
Gas Supplies
Injection Devices
GC Columns
The Column Oven and Temperature Programmer
GC Detectors
Data Acquisition and Processing
Quantitative Analysis
Preparative Gas Chromatography
Applications
References



Liquid Chromatography
Introduction
The Basic Liquid Chromatograph
Column Ovens
Detectors
The UV Detector
The Electrical Conductivity Detectors.
The Fluorescence Detector
The Refractive Index Detector
The Tridet Multi Functional Detector
Data Acquisition and Processing
Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phases
Macroporous Polymers
LC Mobile Phases
Chiral Stationary Phases
Liquid Chromatography Applications
References



Gas Chromatography Detectors
Introduction
Classification of Detectors
Detector Specifications
The Form of Detector Response
The Dynamic Range of the Detector
Detector Linearity
Detector Response
Detector Noise
Detector Sensitivity or Minimum Detectable Concentration
System Dispersion and Sensor Dispersion
Peak Dispersion from the Overall Detector Time Constant
Pressure Sensitivity
Flow Sensitivity
Temperature Sensitivity
Summary of Detector Criteria
Early Gas Chromatography Detectors
The General Properties of GC Detectors
The Katharometer Detector
The Simple Gas Density Balance
The Flame Ionization detector
The Response Mechanism of the FID
The Operation of the FID
The Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (NPD)
The Emissivity or Photometric Detector
Ionization Detectors
The Radioactivity Detector
Some Less Common GC Detectors
Closing Notes
References



Liquid Chromatography Detectors
Introduction
Detector Specifications
Dispersion in Detector Sensors
LC Detectors Based on Refractive Index Measurement
The UV Detectors
The Fluorescence Detector
Transport Detectors
The Evaporative Light Scattering Detector
Liquid Light Scattering Detectors
The Electrical Conductivity Detector
The Electrochemical Detector
References



Plate Theory and Extensions
Introduction
The Plate Theory
The Retention Volume of a Solute
The Conditions for Chromatographic Separation
The Capacity Ratio of a Solute
The Compressibility of the Mobile Phase
The Column Dead Volume
Chromatographic Dead Volumes
Experimental Examination of Dead Volume Measurement
The Gaussian Form of the Elution Equation
Retention Measurements on Close Eluting Peaks
Quantitative Analysis from Retention Measurements
Column Efficiency
The Position of the Points of Inflection
Resolving Power of a Column
Effective Plate Number
The Summation of Variances
The Maximum Sample Volume that Can Be Placed on a Chromatographic Column
Vacancy Chromatography
Temperature Changes During the Passage of a Solute Through a Theoretical Plate in Gas Chromatography
The Peak Capacity of a Chromatographic Column
References



The Mechanism of Chromatographic Retention
Introduction
Chromatographic Interactions
Mixed Phases
The Association of Methanol with Water
Solvent/Solute Interactions with Adsorbent Surfaces
Solute Stationary Phase Interactions
Retention and Exclusion
Chiral Chromatography
References



The Thermodynamics of Chromatography
Thermodynamics Basics
The Analysis of the Standard Energy of Distribution
The Interactive Energy Difference Between that of a Methylene Group and that of a Methyl Group with an Alkane Stationary Phase
The Thermodynamic Analysis of the Dispersive Interactions that Can Take Place between Different Solutes and High Molecular Weigh
Interactions Between the Atoms of Hydrogen, Carbon, Chlorine and Bromine and an Exclusively Dispersive Stationary Phase
The Distribution of Standard Energy Between Different Types of Molecular Interactions
Other Thermodynamic Methods that are Used for Studying Chromatographic Systems
References



Dispersion in Chromatography Columns
Introduction to the Rate Theory
The Summation of Variances
The Alternative Axes of a Chromatogram
The Random Walk Model
Dispersion Processes that take Place in an LC Column
Resistance to Mass Transfer Dispersion
Effect of Mobile Phase Compressibility On the HETP Equation for a Packed GC Column
The Van Deemter Equation
Alternative Equations for Peak Dispersion
The Golay Equation
Experimental Validation of the Van Deemter Equation
Summary
References



Extra Column Dispersion
Introduction
Sources of Extra Column Dispersion
Dispersion in Contemporary LC Columns
Dispersion in Contemporary GC Columns
Maximum Permissible Extra Column Dispersion
GC Capillary Columns
LC Sample Valves
Dispersion in Tubular Conduits
Low Dispersion Connecting Tubes
Dispersion in Unions and Stainless Steel Frits
Dispersion in the Detector Sensor Volume
Dispersion in Detector Sensors Due to Newtonian Flow
Apparent Dispersion from Detector Sensor Volume
Dispersion Due to Detector Electronics Response Time
Low Dispersion Gradient Elution Apparatus
Rapid Separations Employing Gradient Elution
Chromatographic Apparatus for Trace Analysis
The Determination of Trace Organic Materials in Water
The Use for Low Dispersion Instrumentation with Small Bore Columns to Obtain Ultra High Efficiencies.
Separations on Small Bore Columns 2m Long
References

Preparative Chromatography

Introduction
The Loading Capacity of a Column
The Maximum Sample Volume
Sample Volume Overload
Sample Mass Overload
Preparative Chromatography Apparatus
Packing Preparative Columns
Recycling Development
Alternative Preparative Techniques
Radial Flow Chromatography
The Preparative Separation of the Enantiomers of Chlorokynurenine
Criteria for the Successful Operation of Preparative Chromatographs.
References

Last update 07-Oct-2007, Rating Good of 1 votes.